Iran's foreign minister met with Qatar's ruling emir on October 3 as four Arab states continue their boycott of the energy-rich nation, in part over relations Doha maintains with Tehran.
Mohammad Javad Zarif's visit is likely to further inflame officials in Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, which began their boycott nearly four months ago in early June.
It also comes as a new academic survey published this week suggests that the public in these Arab nations of the now-fractured Gulf Cooperation Council does not see Iran as the existential threat that the countries’ leaders do.
On October 2, Zarif met with Omani officials, including Sultan Qaboos bin Said, who has ruled Oman since 1970 and has served as an interlocutor between the West and Iran.
Iranian state media published images of Zarif at the Doha meeting with Qatar's ruling emir, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. It marks Zarif's first trip to Qatar since the diplomatic crisis began.
"None of the regional crises has a military solution," Zarif said at the meeting, according to Iran's semi-official Tasnim news agency. All sides should "give priority to regional initiations for restoring collective stability and security."
Qatari officials offered no immediate comment on the meeting.
Qatar pulled its ambassador from Tehran in early 2016 after Saudi Arabia's execution of a prominent Shi’ite cleric sparked attacks on Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran. The pullout was a Qatar move offering solidarity with the kingdom, which has long expressed concerns over Doha's pursuit of its own maverick foreign policy supporting Islamists, as well as being the home of the Al-Jazeera satellite news network, which ranks among the Arab world's most influential TV channels.
The boycotting nations have cut off land, sea, and air routes to Qatar, a small peninsular nation that sticks out like a thumb in the Persian Gulf. In August, Qatar restored diplomatic ties after Iran sent food to Doha and allowed Qatari planes to increasingly use Iranian airspace.
Iran and Qatar have strong shared commercial interests, namely a massive offshore natural gas field called the South Pars Field by Tehran and the North Field by Doha. That gas field's vast reserves have helped give Qataris the highest per capita income in the world. Those reserves have also funded Al-Jazeera and helped secure hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
The crisis has split the hereditarily ruled nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), a regional bloc representing Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE that formed in part as a counterbalance to Iran. Kuwait has tried unsuccessfully to mediate the crisis, as has the United States, which has a major military base in Qatar.
Leaders in the Sunni Arab countries of the Gulf, those in Saudi Arabia and the UAE especially, view Iran with suspicion after its advances on the battlefields of Iraq and Syria against the Islamic State (IS) militant group. They also worry about Iran's nuclear program and the 2015 deal that Tehran struck with world powers.
But face-to-face surveys of more than 4,000 GCC citizens conduced in recent months found that with the exception of Bahrain, the spread of extremist organizations like IS and Al-Qaeda represented their biggest worry, said Justin Gengler, a senior researcher at the Social and Economic Survey Research Institute at Qatar University.
Gengler said the survey, funded by the Qatar National Research Fund before the diplomatic crisis began and conducted along with researchers from the University of Michigan, was conducted in every GCC country except the UAE. Gengler first published his results on October 2 in Foreign Affairs magazine. The margin of error was below 4 percent among the surveys in each country.
Asked about the results, Gengler said Iran offered a convenient foe for Gulf nations struggling with internal problems and low global oil prices.
"If it's not the case that people feel threatened militarily by Iran, how is it that governments continue to talk about it?" Gengler told the Associated Press. "At the end of the day in the Gulf, regime stability is the No. 1 priority guiding every decision rulers make. ... Elites have their objectives and citizens have their own priorities in daily life and they don't always match up."
